Women

= = =Women=  1963 à Women’s Bureau is established à  this saw to promote womens issues through parliament 1966 à ‘Marriage Bar’ à  which compelled women to resign from public service lifted 1969 à Aust Conciliation and Arbitration Commission à  first steps toward ‘equal pay for equal work’ à  However, didn’t apply to industries where work ‘usually or essentially done by women’ 1970 à Committee for womens employment established à  Independent group aimed at promoting interest of women through lobbying govt and initiating policy 1972 à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Aust Conciliation and Arbitration Commission ruling grants that work of equal value should receive equal pay 1974 à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> AAAC grants women the medium adult wage, same which men getting since 1966 1975 à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Women’s Advisory Council is established in NSW to advise govt 1976 à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Office of Women’s Affairs established as branch of PM’s dept <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> this was to promote interests of women (now 50% pop.) 1977 à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Anti-Discrimination Act (NSW) - gender - marital status 1984 à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Sex Discrimination Act (Cth) <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> prevents discrimination based on gender, marital status, pregnancy, when going for services and goods (e.g. home loans) 1986 à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Affirmative Action (Equal Employment Opportunity for women) Act (Cth) <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';"> remove barriers in workplac <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">e || Problems for women in workforce <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * == Traditional Role of women in society ==
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Historically <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> women have been seen as holding an inferior place to men [Genesis 3:16 ‘You will be subject to your husband]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Viewed as UNITA CARO <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> ‘one body’ <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> lost identity to husband
 * Role of women in society determined by their marital statu s ||
 * =Women at Work=
 * =Wages=
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">84% pay of men <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> ABS 2000
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">1999 study <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> average fortnightly wages earned:
 * M = 798.40
 * F = 669.6 0 ||
 * =Stereotype of women’s work=
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Despite equal pay gains <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> still concentrated in particular areas of workforce which are lower paid than those dominated by men
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Typists <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 98.5%
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Nurses <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 94%
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Teachers <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 70%
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Receptionists <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 86.5%
 * Daily Telegraph August 200 3 ||
 * =Education=
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Leves v Haines (1986) <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> school didn’t offer industrial art subjects, court ruled these were not offered due to stereotypical reasons.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">This placed women at a disadvantage <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';"> court rules therefore they had to be offere <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">d ||
 * =Women viewed as homemakers=
 * Usually bear greater domestic duties
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Lack of affordable childcare facilities <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> these lead to:
 * Less over time and majority part time to perform domestic duties (75% P/T are women)
 * More likely to miss work because children are sick
 * Broken working life (child birth ) ||
 * =Lack of Female Role Models=
 * Harder to aspire to top corporate positions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Discrimination <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';"> less likely to gain promotion <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">s ||
 * =Enterprise Bargainning and over award payments=
 * Federal Govt conducted survey which showed men 60% more likely to gain pay rise under E.B.
 * “//likely to get significantly less than their male counterparts”// (SMH 22/9/93)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Over award payments <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';"> HREOC stated less likely to gain due to nature of their wor <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">k ||
 * =Glass ceiling effect=
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The invisible barriers created by male prejudice <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> prevent women from being promoted above certain levels
 * Proven by:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Professor Still of Uni Western Syd <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';"> 1993, women in senior management positions fell to 1.3% from 2.5% in 198 <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">4 ||

<span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Discrimination <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * =Indirect Discrimination=
 * High court ruled indirect discrimination by BHP against 700 women
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Due to ‘last on, first off’ policy <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> meant women were likely to be discriminated against <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';"> compensation ordere <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">d ||
 * =Sexual Harassment=
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Refers to any unwanted sexual advances or conduct in workplace <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> take form of; smacking, crude jokes, displaying pics of naked women on computer screens
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">General pattern of harassment <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> shows often people in positions of power who sexually harass fellow workerd
 * Often not reported through fear of losing job
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Of harassment complaints received by Anti-Discrimination board in 93-94 <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 40% related to sexual harassment
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Hall and Others v A Sheiban Pty Ltd and Sons (1989) <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Arial; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';"> doctor asking intimate personal questions during consultation <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">s ||
 * * <span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Treatment of one person differently to another in the same situation due to that persons membership of a particular group in societ y ||
 * 2 types of Discrimination
 * Direct: - someone acts to treat someone differently
 * Indirect: - action results in one group being treated unfavourably ||
 * =Main Laws=
 * Anti-Discrimination Act (NSW) 1977
 * Sex Discrimination Act (Cth) 1984
 * Race Discrimination Act (Cth) 1975
 * HREOC Act (Cth) 198 6 ||
 * ==<span style="font-family: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> == ||

__ Part 3 Law in Focus __ <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Equal pay for equal work (The workplace relations and other legislation amendment act 1996) and the (industrial Arbitration Amendment act 1959) <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Right to vote (1902 in NSW) <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Equal employment opportunity (this is enforced through the implementation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Division). <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Anti – sexual harassment legislation (Sex Discrimination Act 1975 Cth) <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Anti – discrimination legislation (Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 NSW) <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Access to equal education (Leves Vs Minister for education 1986 HEO) <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Right to participate in juries (Jury Act 1977) <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Right to own property: This can be seen under the, Married persons (property and tenants Act NSW 1901, gave women the right to sue and be sued). Family law act 1975, gave women consideration for property settlement.
 * __ LAW IN FOCUS: Women __**
 * __ Changes in the Role of Women: __**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Sexual harassment <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® ‘The Glass Ceiling’- Concept which deprives women from reaching the top of their employment status. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Paid maternity leave not available <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Often not getting equal pay <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Maternal stereotypes <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Sexual objectification <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Not able to access all occupations
 * __ On Going Problems for Women: __**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Direct Discrimination = A policy that is designed to exclude a person based on gender. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Indirect Discrimination = When a policy is written in such a way that it is very difficult for a woman or man to meet the criteria to gain the job. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Sexual Harassment = any unwanted and or uninvited sexual advance.

<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Throughout much of the 20th century women had limited access to education. This is called institutionalized discrimination. It reduced the opportunities for women, especially employment. For example, only 12% of barristers (full time) are women, only 6% of state Supreme Court judges are women and no women sit on the high court bench. ( Leves Vs Minister for Education 1987 EOC)

<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Women have moved away from an almost totally domestic role to one where they have choices to make in terms of career, long term relationships and the size of their families.

<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Women have made advances in the areas of voting and economic rights, the right to participate in jury duty, social security and property rights.

<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Migrant women and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women often face greater disadvantages.

__ Commonwealth Legislation: __ <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Sex Discrimination Act 1984 Deals with discrimination on the basis of gender, marital status and pregnancy. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Anti Discrimination Act 1977 Deals with discrimination on the basis of gender, race and martial status, sexuality and also with issues of harassment. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® Workplace Relations Act 1996 makes it illegal to discriminate on the basis of gender, age, race, religion or sexuality in Federal awards and enterprise agreements. __ New South Wales Legislation: __ <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">® The Industrial Relations Act 1996 makes it illegal to discriminate against workers who are employed under NSW awards and enterprise agreements. __ HREOC: __ <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msohansifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à The Human Rights Equal opportunity commission is a commission which may enforce decisions, in relations to women. The HREOC is legally enforceable.
 * //__ Legal Mechanisms: __//**
 * //__ Anti Discrimination Legislation: __//**

<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Human Rights Equal Opportunity commission 1986 (Cth) || <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· IRC- Industrial relations court. (work) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Civil action in court || <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Federal Court ||
 * __ Table outlining State and Federal, Legal Mechanisms: __**
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> || <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">State || <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">Federal ||
 * Legislation: || <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· ADA 77 NSW (Anti-Discrimination Act 1977) || <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Sex Discrimination Act 1986 (Cth)
 * International law: || <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· CEDAW (Covenant on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women) || <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  CEDAW (Covenant on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women) ||
 * Cases: || <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Leves v Minister for Education 1987 EOC || N/A ||
 * Courts and tribunals: || <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· EOD-Equal Employment Division

The NCWO (National Council Women’s Organisations) believes the Australian federal government is providing equality for women in the workplace. The NCWO also believes that the government’s implementations of certain legislations, which have decreased the number of sexual assault reporting’s in the workplace, are a good initiative and have resulted in an unbelievable amount of respect towards women, particularly in the workplace.
 * __ Table outlining State and Federal, Non-Legal Mechanisms: __**
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">HREOC |||| <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">Investigate, conciliate, advise of best bodies to assist (if under its jurisdiction). ||
 * EOWA: (Equal Employment for women in the workplace)<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> |||| <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">Advice and information to increase access to the law. ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">ADB: |||| <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">Advice and information to increase access to the law. ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">Unions: |||| <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">Information, representation, conciliation ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">Media: || <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">Information, social and political pressure. Puts pressure by increasing public awareness. || <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> ||
 * Lobby groups<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> || <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">Increase the pressure on certain political parties, by threatening not to vote for them in the upcoming elections. || <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> ||
 * __ How well does the law respond to the needs of women? __**
 * __ Perspectives: __**

Law reform is the process that is influenced by many social grops in society. The law reform groups which may be evident in society may be categorised as formal or informal. These groups are: <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">ü Media (Informal) <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">ü Lobby groups (Informal) <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">ü Administrative review (Formal) <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">ü Ombudsman (Formal) <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">ü Judicial Review (formal)
 * __ Forms of Response: __**
 * 1. Research ||


 * Law Reform Process ||
 * 3. Recommendations by law reform organisations ||
 * 4. Involvement of the government ||
 * 2. Consultation with community. ||

(A) Agencies <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Parliament **(P)** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Law reform commission **(L)** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Courts e.g. Mabo, Wik **(C)** (B) Conditions that give rise to the need to reform <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Societal views change **(S)** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Justice (New concepts) e.g. unfair dismissal etc… **(J)** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Failure of existing laws **(F)** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> International laws being ratified. CROC, ICCPR, CEDAW **(I)** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Technology, i.e. DNA tests to find sexual assault culprits**. (T)**
 * __ Law Reform: __**

There have over time been four workplace relations laws which have been implemented in NSW. The four of these laws are: <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW)-Prevents discrimination in the workplace. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth)-Prevents discrimination based on gender. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v Affirmative (EEO for women) Act 1986)- this act addresses equal employment opportunities for women. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v  Industrial relations act 1996.
 * __ Responsiveness of the workplace laws: __**

When assessing the effectiveness of the law, and the responsiveness associated with it, the following questions must be addressed. - Does it protect individual rights? ** (P)** - Does it correct inequality? **(E)** - Is it accessible to all? **(A)** - How much does it cost? **(R)** - How quick is it? - Does it prevent the problem from occurring in the future? **(E)**

(P)= Protect individual rights? (E)= Equality before the law? (A)=Accessibility to information? (R)= Resource efficient? (E)= Enforceable?

Despite the way in which the federal and state governments respond to the needs of the women, both in relations to workplace and in the home, there are still several problems which need to be addressed. These problems are; <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v Equal employment opportunity <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v Glass ceiling <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v Equal pay <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v Health issues <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v Sexual assault <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v Domestic violence
 * __ KEY ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED: __**